易损斑块的诊断与处理
来源: 发布时间:2010-08-23 09:49
易损斑块(Vulnerable Plaque)的提出和研究,是最近 20年来心血管领域的一个重大突破。动脉粥样硬化,由于内皮损伤、炎症、脂质沉着和细胞浸润等多有斑块的形成。既往认为,斑块的形成和发展,致使血管硬化、管腔狭窄、血流阻塞是引起心血管急性事件和心肌梗死的主要原因。1988年Ambrose JA等一批科学家提出,动脉粥样斑块具有不同的类型,斑块大、狭窄严重并不是引起心血管猝死的主要原因;相反,70%~80%的心血管急性事件,多发生在轻度和中度狭窄的病例。主要是因为斑块不稳定,产生斑块破损和血栓,致使血管栓塞所引起的。这种不稳定易产生破损和血栓的斑块称为易损斑块。
易损斑块具有活动性炎症反应(巨噬、单核细胞浸润)、薄的纤维帽(<65μm)、大的脂质核心( > 40%)、内皮损伤剥脱、表面有血小板聚集、斑块表面有裂隙、损伤、血栓或钙化斑等特点。引起易损斑块不稳定、破损和血栓的主要原因有炎症渗出、变性、氧化应激和脂质沉着、细胞凋亡坏死、巨噬单核细胞浸润和泡沫细胞形成、内皮功能损伤、斑块的位置和应切力、正反相重塑、MMPs/TIMPs比例失调和感染等。因此,易损斑块是一种全身性疾病的局部表现。
现已证明易损斑块是引起心血管急性事件、急性心肌梗塞、急性冠状动脉综合症(ACS)、Stroke(脑卒中)和猝死的主要原因。现在全世界每年有近2000万人因易损斑块的破损和栓塞而致心血管急性事件,每10秒中即有一人因此而死亡。而且这种斑块的破损和栓塞既突发又严重,多无先兆和前驱症状,难以预测和诊断,难以预防和治疗,成为心脑血管病的罪魁祸首。因此,早期预测、诊断、有效干涉和处理易损斑块成为防治心脑血管病一项最紧迫的任务。
目前预测易损斑块破裂和栓塞有许多Biomarkers,如hs-CRP、可溶性粘附分子(ICAM、VCAM、选择素)、MMPs(2、8、9)、纤维蛋白元(Fbg)组织因子(TF)、OX-LDL、髓过氧化酶(MPO)、PLA2、NF-kb、PPARr、可溶性淀粉蛋白(SAA)、妊娠相关蛋白(PAPP)、细胞因子(IL-6、TNFα、SCD40L)等。但是,大多Biomarker都还不理想,缺乏特异性、灵敏性和可重复性。由于易损斑块的形成和破坏的复杂性,应用单一的Biomaker进行预测和早期诊断可能是困难的。必须依据其发病机理,研发组合Biomarkers和小型、快速、灵敏的诊断芯片。
现在诊断易损斑块,主要还是应用介入和非介入的影像学的检查。如冠状动脉造影(CAG)、血管内超声(IVUS)、血管内弹性图(Elastography)、血管镜、核磁共振(MRI)、血管内MRI、激光相干断层显影(DCT)、导丝斑块温度测量、斑块pH值等等。这些方法虽然可以直接和间接地观察到易损斑块的形态和结构,但是都有一定局限性和付作用,亦难以重复应用。必须综合应用分子成像、荧光和纳米等技术,开发无创的、微小的血管内显像技术,来诊断和检查易损斑块,它不仅可以显示斑块的性质、形态和大小,而且还可以检测斑块的成分、稳定性和易损程度。
对于易损斑块和心血管急性事件的防治,目前尚无十分有效的方法。多依赖PIC和PTCA的局部治疗。药物防治仍然是调脂、降压、抗氧化、控炎症、抑制血小板聚集、提高纤溶活性、稳定和增加纤维帽的厚度,减少斑块脂核的比例,降低斑块内钙化抑制胶原酶(MMP)活性等等。多用他订类药物、ACEI、β-阻断剂和钙拮抗剂。近年来报告,应用强力霉素抑制炎症,应用中药通心络可增加斑块的稳定性。但是,除了长期服用他订类药物可以明显降低急性心血管事件的发生和病死率以外,其它药物的效果还需进一步评价。即使他订类的药物,亦难以使斑块消退。易损斑块的形成和破损机制是复杂的、多因素的,必须深入研究和开发综合预防和复合治疗的措施和方法,研发新的药物;易损斑块的形成是逐步的,渐进的和反复加重的,稳定性斑块和不稳定性斑块是交替发展的,斑块一旦形成欲使其彻底消退很难。关键是预防:
预防斑块加重,增加斑块的稳定性;
预防稳定性斑块向不稳定性斑块发展,促进易损斑块转化为稳定性斑块;
预防易损斑块的破裂和血栓,防止栓塞的发生;
预防和减少心血管急性事件的发生;
预防动脉粥样硬化的产生和斑块的形成。
早预警、早发现、早干预、早预防、早治疗,综合防治,是当前防治易损斑块的关键。
这里我们汇集了一些近年来有关易损斑块的研究文献,供大家参考。更多文献,可参考CMBI 408、395、293等特别报道。也可用“CV-AS”或“Plaque”关键词在CMBI查询。
Rupture of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques: MicroRNAs Conducting the Orchestra?
Plaque -Metalloproteinase Expression in Monocytes and Macrophages and its Relationship to Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability
Plaque Rupture in Humans
an emerging technology for the assessment of vulnerable plaque
Assessment of unstable atherosclerosis in mice
biomarker-Inflammatory biomarkers in coronary artery disease
Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability and Rupture
Concept of Vulnerable-Unstable Plaque
Identifying the vulnerable plaque
Inflammation and Atherosclerosis- Novel Insights Into Plaque Formation and Destabilization
Macrophage Iron, Hepcidin, and Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability
Molecular mechanisms and implications for plaque progression and stability
Biology of atherosclerotic plaques- What we are learning from proteomic analysis
Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Stabilize After Stroke
Metalloproteinases and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.
The role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 on cardiovascular disease risk assessment and plaque rupture
The vulnerable and unstable atherosclerotic plaque
The Vulnerable Carotid Artery Plaque- Current Imaging Methods and New Perspectives
The Vulnerable, or High-Risk, Atherosclerotic Plaque- Noninvasive MR Imaging for Characterization and Assessment
Toll like receptor 4 in atherosclerosis and plaque destabilization
A Molecular Key to the Atherosclerotic Plaque
Acute coronary syndromes- Targeting the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque
Advanced Carotid Plaque Imaging
biomarker-destabilization-Cardiac biomarkers - the old and the new
Biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis
Cathepsin L is significantly associated with apoptosis and plaque destabilization
Circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells in atherosclerosis and plaque rupture
Composition of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Is Associated With Cardiovascular Outcome
C-Reactive Protein and the Vascular Endothelium- Implications for Plaque Instability
Cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin synthases- roles in plaque stability and instability in humans
Imaging of the unstable plaque
In Search of the “Vulnerable Plaque
Insights Into the Role of Infection in Atherogenesis and in Plaque Rupture
Pathology of the Vulnerable Plaque
Plaque Biology- Interesting Science or Pharmacological Treasure Trove
Plaque Development and Plaque Responses to Medical Treatment
Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor forms in plasma as markers of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability
The Discovery of Cellular Immunity in the Atherosclerotic Plaque
The role of red blood cells in the progression and instability of atherosclerotic plaque
The Search for Biomarkers of Plaque Destabilization
Vulnerable plaque-Definition-diagnosis-and treatment-2010
Vulnerable Plaques and Patients
文章来源:中国医学前沿网

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