Abbreviation Definition 2-D Two dimensional imaging 3-D Three dimensional imaging A-Mode Amplitude mode A Atrial diastolic velocity peak A Area (seen in mathematical formulas) APEX 2C Apical two chamber view APEX 3C Apical three chamber view (also known as Apical Long axis) APEX 4C Apical four chamber view APEX 5C Apical five chamber view AcT Acceleration time AF Atrial fibrillation AMVL Anterior mitral valve leaflet Ant Anterior Ao Aorta AI Aortic insufficiency AS Aortic stenosis Asc Ascending ASD Atrial septal defect ASH Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy ATVL Anterior tricuspid valve leaflet AV Aortic valve AVA Aortic valve area AVR Aortic valve replacement BAV Balloon aortic valvuloplasty BP Blood pressure BSA Body surface area c propagation speed of sound in tissue CAD Coronary artery disease cath Cardiac catheterization CBV Catheter balloon valvuloplasty Ch Chordae Cm Centimeter cm/s Centimeter per second CO Cardiac output Cont eq Continuity equation cos Cosine CS Coronary sinus CSA Cross sectional area Cx circumflex coronary artery D Diameter DA Descending aorta dB Decibel dP/dt Rate of change in pressure over time E Energy ECG Electrocardiogram ED End-diastole EDD End-diastolic dimension EDV End-diastolic volume EF Ejection fraction epi epicardium EPSS E-point of septal separation ES End-systole ESD End-systolic dimension ESPVR End-systolic pressure-volume relationship ESV End-systolic volume ETT Exercise treadmill test Δƒ Frequency shift ƒ Frequency FL False lumen Fn near zone Fo resonance frequency (operating frequency) Fs scattered frequency FSV forward stroke volume Ft transmitted frequency Fx function HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy HPRF High pulse repetition frequency HR Heart rate HV Hepatic vein I Intensity IAS Interatrial septum inf inferior IV intravenous IVC Inferior vena cava IVCT Isovolumic contraction time IVRT Isovolumic relaxation time kHz Kilohertz L Length LA Left atrium LAA Left atrial appendage LAD Left anterior descending coronary artery LAE Left atrial enlargement LAO Left anterior oblique lat Lateral LAXX Parasternal long axis LCC Left coronary cusp LLD Left lateral decubitus LMCA Left main coronary artery LPA Left pulmonary artery LSPV left superior pulmonary vein LV Left ventricle LVEDD Left ventricular end diastolic dimension LV-EDP Left ventricular end diastolic pressure LVESD Left ventricular end systolic dimension LVH Left ventricular hypertrophy LVI Left ventricular inflow LVO Left ventricular outflow LVOT Left ventricular outflow tract M-mode Motion mode MAC Mitral annular calcification MB Moderator band MI Myocardial infarction MS Mitral stenosis MV Mitral valve MVA Mitral valve area MVI Mitral valve insufficiency Myx myxoma NCC Noncoronary cusp ΔP change in pressure P Pressure PA Pulmonary artery pAn Pseudoaneurysm PAP Pulmonary artery pressure PD Pulsed Doppler PDA Patent ductus arteriosis PE Pericardial effusion PEP Pre-ejection period PISA Proximal isovelocity surface area PM papillary muscle PMVL Posterior mitral valve leaflet post posterior PI Pulmonary insufficiency PRF Pulse repetition frequency PRFR Peak rapid filling time PS Pulmonary stenosis PV Pulmonic valve PTCA Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PV Pulmonary vein PVC Premature ventricular contraction PWT Posterior wall thickness Q Volume flow rate Qp Pulmonic volume flow rate Qs Systemic volume flow rate RA Right atrium RAE Right atrial enlargement RAO Right anterior oblique RAP Right atrial pressure RCA Right coronary artery RCC Right coronary cusp RF Regurgitant fraction RJ Regurgitant jet ROA Regurgitant orifice area RPA Right pulmonary artery RSPV Right superior pulmonary vein RSV Regurgitant stroke volume RV Right ventricle RVE Right ventricular enlargement RVH Right ventricular hypertrophy RVI Right ventricular inflow RVO Right ventricular outflow RVOT Right ventricular outflow tract SAM Systolic anterior motion SAXX Parasternal short axis SC Subcostal SSN Suprasternal notch ST Septal thickness STJ Sinotubular junction STVL Septal tricuspid valve leaflet SV Stroke volume SVC Superior vena cava SWMA Segmental wall motion abnormality T1/2 Pressure half-time T Thrombus TEE Transesophageal echocardiography TGA Transposition of the great arteries TGC Time gain compensation TI Tricuspid valve insufficiency TL True lumen TOF Tetralogy of Fallot TPV Time to peak velocity TS Tricuspid stenosis TSV Total stroke volume TTE Transthoracic echocardiography TV Tricuspid valve V Velocity V Volume Veg Vegetation

胸骨旁左室长轴切面 (3)正常值： ①主动脉内径：胸旁左室长轴切面，收缩末期径，环部前后径为1.6-2.6cm ，窦部为2.4-3.9cm，主动脉窦上（嵴部）为2.1-3.4cm ，升主动脉为2.2-3.4cm，主动脉弓径为2.2-2.7cm。 ②左房内径：前后径（收缩末期径、主动脉窦后方垂直距离）为2.4-3.3cm 。 ③右室内径: 前后径（舒张末期径，腱索水平测）为2.0cm 以下。 ④左室内径：前后径（腱索水平）：舒张末期为3.7-5.2cm；收缩末期为2.3-3.6cm。 ⑤室间隔厚度（舒张末期，腱索水平测）：( 9.4士0.9 ) mm。 ⑥左室后壁厚度（舒张末期，腱索水平测）：( 9.4士0 . 8 ) mm 。 <a href="http://img.dxy.cn/upload/2006/08/05/97276059.png" target="_blank"><img width="370" height="321" src="http://img.dxy.cn/upload/2006/08/05/97276059.png" border="0" /></a>

胸骨旁左室长轴切面 Schematic diagram of the parasternal long-axis view in diastole showing the aortic root (Ao), sinotubular junction (STJ), closed right coronary and noncoronary cusps of the aortic valve (RCC and NCC), the open anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets (AMVL and PMVL), and the left ventricular septum and posterior wall. The medial papillary muscle has been shown for reference, although slight medial angulation is needed to visualize this structure in the long-axis view. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is anterior, while the coronary sinus (CS) in the atrioventricular groove and the descending aorta (DA) are seen posteriorly. The right pulmonary artery (RPA) lies posterior to the ascending aorta. The position of the pericardium is indicated by the thin line. Normal parasternal long-axis 2D echo images at end-diastole (above) and end-systole (below). <a href="http://img.dxy.cn/upload/2006/08/05/46099996.png" target="_blank"><img width="201" height="304" src="http://img.dxy.cn/upload/2006/08/05/46099996.png" border="0" /></a>

胸骨旁左室长轴切面 解剖图 <a href="http://img.dxy.cn/upload/2006/08/05/39639286.png" target="_blank"><img width="588" height="392" src="http://img.dxy.cn/upload/2006/08/05/39639286.snap.jpg" border="0" /></a>

2.右室流出道切面 解剖图 <a href="http://img.dxy.cn/upload/2006/08/05/70800869.png" target="_blank"><img width="640" height="496" src="http://img.dxy.cn/upload/2006/08/05/70800869.snap.jpg" border="0" /></a>